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DOI: 10.31038/GEMS.2019112

Abstract

In this paper, the spectral characteristics of seismic data obtained at various seismic stations in Antarctica are studied using the spectral histogram method developed by the authors and the study of regional structures. This takes into account the fundamental features of the geological, geophysical and astrophysical picture of the entire continent; significant component of fragile crustal structures. The possibility of the existence in the polar region of the ancient structures of the plume during its formation experienced the impact of centrifugal forces from the rotation of the Earth and the inhibition of the top of the plume in the low-temperature near-surface layer. One of the most significant attractions of the region is the existence of a large-sized ozone “hole”. All the above features have found their reflection in the seismic fields of Antarctica.

Keywords

Antarctica, seismic fields, plume tectonics, ozone holes, modulated solar wind, solar oscillations

Introduction

Probable plume tectonics It is likely that the Antarctic bears the signs of a super plume (Fig. 1). A similar example of a modern “hot spot” is about. Iceland. The thickness of the ocean-type crust under this island reaches 40 km. (usually the thickness is 7 km). Paleo – Iceland’s counterparts – a giant Antarctic uplift, etc. Until now, volcanic activity has been observed in Antarctica (Figure 1).

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F1

Figure 1. There is an example of the plume development. At the final stage, the tip of the Antarctic plume, due to the anomalously cooled surface rocks of the crust, will assume a more subtle and probably not continuous form.

The modern map of Antarctica quite well shows similarities with the elements of the super – plume  (Fig. 2.) (Figure. 2a,b).

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F2

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F2b

Figure 2. A, B. This is modern map of Antarctica. With the exception of the peninsula, the coasts are rounded, forming a super plume.

Given the thickness of the ice cover (up to 9 km), and the structure of the crustal rocks, as well as thermal and coastal processes, we should expect the existence of various seismic fields. In addition, there are many caves in the coastal zone, possibly remnants from the periphery of the plume. During the Second World War, a submarine base of Germany existed in the caves off the coast. There is the existence of the ozone hole over the continent. Large-scale, ozone-free atmospheric space above the continent (Figure 3) makes radical additions to the description of Antarctic seismicity. There are such effects that are impossible for terrestrial seismicity. The absence of ozone protection makes available the effect on the surface of many solar processes: radiation (from ultraviolet radiation to x-rays and gamma radiation), solar cosmic rays and flares, muons, modulated solar wind and interplanetary shock waves (MUV). A similar picture is observed for lunar seismicity. Many of the effects are almost constantly modulated, for example, by solar oscillations which make it possible to observe waves at solar frequencies in the spectrum of the seismic field (Table 1).

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F3

Figure 3. Map of the ozone hole over Antarctica.

Table 1. Periods of oscillations of the standard model of the Sun with the relative content of heavy elements Z = 0.02 according to calculations by Iben n Makhefi

Mode

Period (min)

Mode

Period (min)

l=0

l=1

l=2

l=3

l=4

l=1

l=2

l=3

l=4

p1

62,29

57,25

42,50

39,53

37,58

f

 

45,90

40,97

38.82

p2

40,94

36,98

32,19

29,42

27,62

g1

61,58

55,05

47.94

44,15

P3

30,93

27,88

25,09

23,21

21,92

g2

84,4

63.03

54.88

49,59

p4

24,49

22,30

20,52

19,26

18,31

g 3

105,3

72,58

61.88

57,73

p5

20,19

18,08

17,39

16,44

15,72

g 4

127,3

83,49

67,78

61,11

p6

17,17

16,04

15,10

14,38

13,81

g 5

148.2

95.38

74,9

64,89

p7

14,93

14,08

13,35

12,77

12,32

g 6

171,1

107,7

88,1

70,30

p8

13,21

12.55

11,97

11,51

11,14

g 7

 

120,2

91,8

76.83

p9

11,85

11,34

10,87

10,49

10,18

g 8

 

132.9

100,7

83.62

p10

10,78

10.35

9,97

9,85

9,39

g 9

 

145.9

109,7

90,56

p11

9,90

9,54

9.21

8.94

8,71

g 10

 

158,9

118,9

97,62

p12

9.15

8,84

8,56

8,32

8,11

g 11

 

172.1

128,1

104,5

p23

8,50

8,25

7,99

7.78

7.60

g 12

 

 

137,8

111,7

p14

7.94

7,71

7,49

7,31

7,15

g 23

 

 

147,0

118,9

p15

7.45

7,25

7,06

6,89

6,75

g 14

 

 

156.5

126,5

p16

7.02

6,84

6,67

6,52

6,39

g 15

 

 

166,7

133,3

p17

6.64

6,47

6,32

6,18

6,06

g 16

 

 

175,9

141,5

p18

6.39

6.14

6,00

5,87

5,77

g 17

 

 

 

148,6

p19

5.98

5,84

5,71

5,60

5,50

g 18

 

 

 

156,4

p20

5.69

5,58

5,45

5.34

5.25

g 19

 

 

 

164,0

 

 

 

 

 

 

g 20

 

 

 

171,1

In Table 1: p, g, f-modes of the natural oscillations of the Sun; L-form of natural oscillations.

Moreover, the excitation of these waves is not due to the indirect interaction of terrestrial radioactive geological structures with solar neutrinos, but directly. This means that instrumental and methodological development of seismic expeditions to the Moon, Mars and other space bodies devoid of ozone protection should be carried out on Antarctica, as the closest to the external conditions of the landfill (Figure 3).

The ozone hole over the Antarctic and its adjacent territories is quite dynamic: it grew for the first time in recent years, covering an area of 28 million square kilometers (press service of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center). Previously, the ozone layer was considered to be a natural shield that protects the surface of the Earth from hard ultraviolet radiation, which is dangerous to living organisms. Now it is a parameter of the atmosphere, which allows studying the Sun, solar-terrestrial relations and some astrophysical problems. A sharp drop in the concentration of stratospheric ozone during the winter season was first detected over the Antarctica in the 1980s. Every winter, the ozone hole over Antarctica grows, reaching a maximum area in September, and shrinking in summer. Large sizes fully correspond to how ozone behaves in relatively cold weather in the upper atmosphere of the Earth (Paul Newman, Paul Newman, USA). Due to the slow reduction, the thickness of the ozone layer in some deep regions of the Antarctic has fallen to absolute zero for the first time in many years. This means that the Suns freely “bombard” the polar ice that is under similar areas, for example, the Amundsen – Scott station at the South Pole. The level of ozone began to fall sharply in September, with the result that its concentration decreased by 95% by the first of October. This year, the fall continued for two “extra weeks”, which led to a 100% decrease in the level of ozone by October 15”says another climatologist, Brian Johnson, USA. However, the smaller ozone hole in 2017 is the result of natural variability and is not necessarily a signal of rapid “healing”. Scientists use the word “hole” as a metaphor for an area in which the ozone concentration falls below the historical threshold of 220 Dobson units. A sharp drop in the concentration of stratospheric ozone during the winter season was first discovered over Antarctica in the 1980s. The reason for this was the release of a large number of Freon’s into the atmosphere of the Earth, whose molecules destroy ozone in the upper layers of the atmosphere at low air temperatures. Every winter, the ozone hole over Antarctica grows, reaching a maximum area in September, and shrinking in summer. January 29, 2016, 14:31 – January 27, a huge ozone hole covered northern Eurasia from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Most of it fell on the territory of Russia. The anomaly center is located in the north of Western Siberia, however, the effect of ozone holes is not yet known to seismologists.  Observations in 2017 showed that the hole in the ozone layer of the Earth, which forms over Antarctica at the end of the southern winter, has become the smallest since 1988. According to NASA satellites, the ozone hole reached its one-year maximum of September 11, spreading to 7.6 million square miles (19.6 sq. km), which is 2.5 times the area of the United States. Ground-based measurements and measurements from balloons, carried out by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, confirmed satellite data. Since 1991, the average maximum area of ozone holes has been approximately 26 million square kilometers (Fig. 4.)  (Figure  4).

In view of the above, a start was made to study the seismic fields of Antarctica (Figure 5).

As follows from Figure 5, considerable seismic material has been collected and processed, primarily relating to the coastal zone and partly of the shelf The IRIS Data Management Center (IRISDMC): http://service.iris.edu/fdsnws/dataselect/1/. The study of data was started with spectral analysis (see Fig. 6) (Figure 6).

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F4

Figure 4. Concentration of ozone over Antarctica. October, 2017. © NASA

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F5

Figure 5. Seismic recording of LHZ-component 60 channel Streckeisen STS-2.5 sensor IU network of QSPA station (89.9289°S, 144.4382°E). The record contains 2265013 seconds. For convenience, the graphical representation is averaged over 120 points in 1 minute increments.

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F6

Figure 6. There is amplitude spectrum of seismic data in the range from 2 to 102 sec. in increments of 0.01 seconds. with averaging values of 1 sec.

According to fig.6 the spectrum of seismicity has two peaks dominant in amplitude, for 18 and 20 sec., which, probably, given the proximity of the ocean, should be referred to as “storm” and note also the existence of resonant structures at the Antarctic ice sheet (Figure 7).

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F7

Figure 7. There is the energy spectrum of data Figure 6.

The energy spectrum revealed a more subtle structure of the peaks, at 4 and 18 sec. These peaks are not uncommon when considering seismic fields of complexly constructed and non-linear structures. For greater clarity, the same seismic material was processed by a more complex, but informative method (Fig.8 A, B)  (Figure 8 a,b).

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F8

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F8b

Figure 8. A, B. These are dependence of the maximum amplitude of seismic vibrations A) and its logarithm B), from the observation time and the corresponding period. The interval of the period change is from 2 to 102 sec with a step of 0.1 sec. The time step is 2 minutes (120 seconds). The window is 628 seconds.

According to Fig. 8 (A) for several days, resonant peaks of good quality on micro seismic periods of 14–20 sec can be observed in the wave field; their double period manifests itself in the form of ill-galling small amplitude manifestations. According to Fig. 8 (B) in Antarctica in the general seismic wave field it is possible to distinguish three groups of waves with ranges of periods: relatively high-frequency (periods 3–25 seconds), the longest and with maximum amplitude (periods 49–60 seconds) and short duration of existence as a single peak on period ~ 100 sec. Probably, the longest are associated with existing in the coastal zone and on the shelf of the network of caves and channels (Figure 9).

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F9

Figure 9. There is the dependence of the logarithm of the maximum amplitude of oscillations on the observation time.

According to Fig. 9, there are two independent types of noise – one high-frequency, constantly existing with an unstable modulation frequency (~ 4–5 days) and the second in the form of very short irregular high-amplitude emissions (Figure 10,11).

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F10

Figure 10. The dependence of the period corresponding to the logarithm of the maximum amplitude of oscillations from the time of observation.

The dependence of the logarithm of the maximum amplitude on the period (Fig. 11) most clearly highlights the zone 3.0 – 7–8.0 s, that is, a known section of storm microseisms. Since such habitual microseisms are usually recorded, for example, in the Baltic and in Europe, and the geological and structural environment of this region and the Antarctic are fundamentally different, a source of probable general influence should be found. Since high-frequency solar oscillations have a constant activity, especially at periods of 5–6 min, and the lack of ozone protection from the Sun allows for higher frequency effects, these microseisms are inherently strongly associated with solar activity. Another, even more active area lies within 20–25 seconds, which is also recorded in other regions of the Earth (Figure-12).

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F11

Figure 11. The dependence of the logarithm of the maximum amplitude of oscillations on the period.

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F12

Figure 12. The density distribution of the maximum amplitude of the period.

The distribution of the maximum amplitude over periods divides the seismic vibrations into two groups – powerful ~ 3–6 sec and weak, but connected as resonant harmonics ~ 18–20 sec., which was observed earlier in other regions of the Earth (Figure 13–20).

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F13

Figure 13. There is amplitude spectrum from 2 to 302 min with a step of 0.03 min.

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F14

Figure 14. The dependence of the period corresponding to the maximum amplitude of oscillations from the time of observation.

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F15

Figure 15. Dependence of the logarithm of the maximum amplitude of oscillations on the period

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F16

Figure 16. The density distribution of the maximum amplitude of the period.

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F17

Figure 17. The dependence of the period corresponding to the maximum amplitude of oscillations from the time of observation.

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F18

Figure 18. The density distribution of the maximum amplitude of the period.

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F19

Figure 19. The dependence of the logarithm of the maximum amplitude of oscillations on the time of observation and the corresponding period. The interval of the period is change from 2 to 302 minutes. in 0.3 min steps Time step 2 min. Window – 314 minutes.

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F20

Figure 20. There is energy spectrum data Figure 19.

This energy spectrum characterizes the constant component. Therefore, it is still early to draw final conclusions about their reliability and significance. We must try to modify the program a bit, or use the resonance method (Table-2).

Table 2. Distribution of time intervals for which the periods correspond (N≥10)

Period (min)

N

Period (min)

N

Period (min)

N

Period (min)

N

Period (min)

N

Period (min)

N

5.4002

153

124.5683

11

149.7827

12

161.0891

26

167.6929

30

173.1961

18

5.5003

153

124.6683

10

150.5831

12

161.1892

20

167.7930

39

173.2961

16

5.6003

117

124.7684

15

150.6832

10

161.2893

25

167.8930

46

173.3962

13

5.7004

25

124.8685

14

150.7833

22

161.3893

22

167.9931

50

173.5963

15

5.9005

476

124.9685

23

150.8833

15

161.4894

26

168.0931

38

173.6963

15

6.0006

266

125.0686

28

150.9834

25

161.5894

18

168.1932

58

173.7964

10

6.1006

24

125.1686

28

151.0834

64

161.6895

21

168.2933

84

173.8965

16

6.2007

690

125.2687

27

151.1835

73

161.7895

23

168.3933

94

173.9965

21

6.7010

53

125.3687

43

151.2835

93

161.8896

18

168.4934

100

174.0966

12

6.9011

47

125.4688

36

151.3836

79

161.9897

16

168.5934

123

174.1966

11

7.0011

25

125.5689

41

151.4837

86

162.0897

16

168.6935

131

174.4968

16

7.1012

22

125.6689

26

151.5837

104

162.1898

14

168.7935

187

174.5969

11

7.4014

10

125.7690

38

151.6838

113

162.2898

16

168.8936

180

174.9971

11

8.0017

493

125.8690

16

151.7838

139

162.3899

16

168.9937

214

175.0971

14

8.2018

36

125.9691

13

151.8839

139

162.4899

15

169.0937

229

175.3973

14

8.3019

25

126.0691

12

151.9839

131

162.5900

12

169.1938

211

175.5974

10

8.4019

176

126.1692

10

152.0840

119

162.6901

13

169.2938

201

175.6975

12

8.7021

25

126.2693

13

152.1841

196

162.7901

12

169.3939

199

175.7975

10

9.0023

129

135.8747

10

152.2841

155

162.8902

10

169.4939

177

175.8976

10

9.1023

12

135.9748

10

152.3842

105

163.0903

10

169.5940

196

175.9977

11

11.1035

55

136.0749

10

152.4842

88

163.1903

12

169.6941

203

176.0977

18

11.4037

50

136.1749

14

152.5843

64

163.2904

10

169.7941

215

176.3979

17

11.9039

119

136.2750

10

152.6843

52

163.3905

11

169.8942

161

176.5980

14

13.9051

14

136.3750

12

152.7844

36

163.6906

10

169.9942

190

176.6981

12

15.2058

124

136.4751

10

152.8845

39

163.9908

13

170.0943

192

176.7981

14

17.2070

22

136.5751

15

152.9845

25

164.1909

14

170.1943

178

176.9982

10

18.9079

12

136.6752

17

153.0846

28

164.4911

16

170.2944

140

177.0983

14

22.8102

53

136.7753

17

153.1846

24

164.5911

13

170.3945

122

177.1983

16

22.9102

17

136.8753

17

153.2847

18

164.6912

12

170.4945

96

177.2984

11

23.0103

22

136.9754

24

153.3847

14

164.7913

13

170.5946

86

177.3985

19

23.1103

10

137.0754

37

153.4848

22

164.8913

11

170.6946

61

177.4985

11

23.2104

9

137.1755

45

153.5849

15

164.9914

13

170.7947

69

177.5986

17

23.3105

35

137.2755

54

153.7850

14

165.0914

15

170.8947

54

177.6986

16

23.4105

15

137.3756

73

158.6878

10

165.1915

10

170.9948

44

177.7987

17

26.6123

46

137.4757

53

158.8879

10

165.2915

12

171.0949

41

177.8987

17

26.7124

48

137.5757

47

158.9879

17

165.3916

15

171.1949

27

177.9988

13

26.8125

28

137.6758

47

159.1881

13

165.4917

12

171.2950

28

178.0989

17

27.5129

16

137.7758

46

159.2881

15

165.6918

18

171.3950

32

178.1989

19

27.6129

30

137.8759

32

159.3882

13

165.7918

10

171.4951

25

178.2990

10

103.2561

20

137.9759

49

159.4882

19

165.9919

13

171.5951

37

178.3990

16

114.5626

15

138.0760

30

159.5883

23

166.0920

14

171.6952

22

178.4991

26

114.7627

11

138.1761

20

159.6883

27

166.1921

14

171.7953

23

178.5991

22

114.8627

22

138.2761

26

159.7884

31

166.2921

10

171.8953

25

178.6992

25

115.0629

15

138.3762

16

159.8885

19

166.3922

11

171.9954

18

178.7993

23

115.1629

37

138.4762

13

159.9885

28

166.4922

12

172.0954

24

178.8993

21

115.2630

45

138.5763

11

160.0886

19

166.5923

10

172.1955

24

178.9994

24

115.3630

57

144.1795

11

160.1886

38

166.6923

12

172.2955

17

179.0994

28

115.4631

39

144.2795

16

160.2887

26

166.8925

18

172.3956

20

179.1995

31

115.5631

23

144.4797

10

160.3887

37

166.9925

16

172.4957

24

179.2995

35

115.6632

47

144.9799

11

160.4888

32

167.0926

18

172.5957

16

179.3996

31

115.7633

25

145.0800

12

160.5889

39

167.1926

21

172.6958

22

179.4997

44

115.8633

18

145.1801

14

160.6889

40

167.2927

13

172.7958

15

179.5997

37

116.0634

13

145.2801

17

160.7890

34

167.3927

29

172.8959

14

179.6998

36

119.4654

11

145.3802

11

160.8890

34

167.4928

21

172.9959

18

179.7998

33

120.4659

12

149.2824

10

160.9891

27

167.5929

28

173.0960

9

179.8999

44

This table could also be rebuilt according to a different number of intervals by period. It is noteworthy that in the range of 28÷103 min the number of intervals is very small (Table 3) (Figure 21) (Table 4).

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F21

Figure 21. There is amplitude spectrum of the daily range.

Table 3. The distribution of time intervals for which the periods correspond to Amax

Period (min)

N

Period (min)

N

Period (min)

N

2.6000

946

146.3120

4

221.1620

2686

5.5940

325

149.3060

4

224.1560

762

8.5880

122

152.3000

1

227.1500

332

11.5820

1

155.2940

9

230.1440

196

14.5760

30

158.2880

13

233.1380

140

17.5700

15

161.2820

18

236.1320

71

20.5640

1

164.2760

17

239.1260

54

23.5580

9

167.2700

25

242.1200

36

26.5520

20

170.2640

36

245.1140

36

32.5400

2

173.2580

42

248.1080

24

68.4680

17

176.2520

44

251.1020

31

71.4620

6

179.2460

26

254.0960

13

74.4560

2

182.2400

20

257.0900

15

77.4500

2

185.2340

18

260.0840

10

80.4440

7

188.2280

33

263.0780

10

116.3720

3

191.2220

22

266.0720

9

119.3660

6

194.2160

35

269.0660

7

122.3600

15

197.2100

47

272.0600

11

125.3540

48

200.2040

71

275.0540

11

128.3480

128

203.1980

86

278.0480

17

131.3420

19

206.1920

135

281.0420

10

134.3360

14

209.1860

359

284.0360

5

137.3300

5

212.1800

868

287.0300

7

140.3240

4

215.1740

2932

290.0240

3

143.3180

6

218.1680

5189

293.0180

6

 

 

 

 

296.0120

6

Table 4. The summary of daily periods.

Period
(day)

Amplitude
fluctuations

(rel. units)

Period
(day)

 Amplitude
fluctuations
(rel. units)

Period
(day)

Amplitude
fluctuations
(rel. units)

  0.00417

  2.19146

  0.38750

  2.34914

  0.79306

  7.95374

  0.00972

  1.39646

  0.39861

  3.12503

  0.82917

  4.96194

  0.11806

  1.05268

  0.40694

  4.69761

  0.88750

  9.37318

  0.13194

  1.14954

  0.41806

  2.71686

  0.93750

  7.53833

  0.13750

  1.06967

  0.42917

  2.80484

  0.97639

  7.36167

  0.16806

  1.43672

  0.43750

  3.39350

  1.04583

  8.34664

  0.18750

  1.28783

  0.44583

  3.64884

  1.09583

 12.86868

  0.20139

  1.51607

  0.46250

  1.25450

  1.15139

  9.73151

  0.20972

  1.87710

  0.47083

  3.53236

  1.20972

  6.42397

  0.22083

  1.91259

  0.48750

  3.70950

  1.31806

 12.39736

  0.22917

  2.03499

  0.50417

  2.77930

  1.40139

 18.42374

  0.24028

  2.07343

  0.51528

  3.61388

  1.49028

 14.78352

  0.25139

  1.51939

  0.52917

  6.31336

  1.59306

 14.11028

  0.26528

  1.78014

  0.54028

  7.88273

  1.79306

 17.42602

  0.28194

  1.69116

  0.55417

  3.96956

  1.95972

 18.00527

  0.29306

  1.73287

  0.56528

  1.75607

  2.07917

 18.77936

  0.29861

  2.50799

  0.57639

  1.94631

  2.32639

 25.01781

  0.30972

  2.22962

  0.59028

  4.55191

  2.99028

 45.80661

  0.31528

  2.12205

  0.60694

  6.98497

  3.49583

 36.81036

  0.32917

  2.22865

  0.62361

  4.12886

  4.17083

 57.67608

  0.33472

  3.07918

  0.64861

  3.80290

  5.22083

 52.97682

  0.35139

  2.24693

  0.66806

  3.72560

  7.37917

 53.38868

  0.35694

  4.71118

  0.68750

  6.98646

 11.85972

 70.47160

  0.37361

  2.58232

  0.71528

  4.98707

 

 

  0.38194

  3.51410

  0.76250

  7.11657

 

 

Conclusion

As expected, (see Tables 2–4), the structure of the seismic fields of Antarctica is saturated with wave fields determined by cosmic processes, primarily by the Sun’s own oscillations (see Table 1). Seismic Antarctica turns it into a unique and indispensable landfill for testing and testing of seismic and geophysical equipment intended for the study of the Moon and planets.

Attachments

GEMS-19-101_Khavroshkin OB_F22

References

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Article Type

Research Article

Publication history

Received: October 21, 2019
Accepted: November 11, 2019
Published: November 21, 2019

Citation

Khavroshkin OB, Khrustalev AB, Tsyplakov VV (2019) Seismicity of Antarctica: features. Geol Earth Mar Sci, Volume 1(1): 1–12. DOI: 10.31038/GEMS.2019112

Corresponding author

Khavroshkin OB, Professor,
Department of Geophysical Methods,
Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Russia; Tel: ; Fax: ;
E-mail: khavole@ifz.ru