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DOI: 10.31038/CST.2017253

Abstract

Background: Cardiac hemangioendothelioma (CHE) in the adult and cardiac involvement in adult patient with non cardiac-hemangioendothelioma (NC-HE) were rare and uncommon in daily clinical experience.

Methods: We researched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane library, and Medline for identifying relevant studies, case series, review and case reports.

Results: We found 33 cases of CHE in the adult and 7 cases of cardiac involvement in NC-HE patients. According to scientific data, the most of CHE patients were female (52%), histological type epithelioid (64%), with main localization in right atrium (41%), and the main clinical diagnosis was incidentally discovered on echocardiogram. The main therapeutic choice was surgical. Otherwise the cardiac metastasis in NC-HE patients (7 cases reported) were most frequent in the hepatic hemangioendothelioma primary localization (57%) than others (spleen, bone, limb, intracranial). The most of patients were female (85.7%) and the main clinical presentation were heart failure (85%).

Conclusion: CHE and cardiac metastasis of NC-HE patients in the adult were rare and unusual neoplasms. The early diagnosis and surgical treatment in each case demonstrated an increase of patients’ survival and quality of life. We explained the scientific data to increase physician knowledge about this rare adulthood vascular neoplasm.

Keywords

Hemangioendothelioma; Primary Cardiac Tumor; Metastatic cardiac tumor; cardiac tumor; cardiac neoplasm; cardiac metastasis.

Introduction

Historical background: Hemangioendothelioma (HE) was described for the first time by Mallori in the 1908 and it was defined as a vascular neoplasms characterized by intermediate features between hemangiomas and angiosarcomas [1, 2]. With the technological evolutions, Stout and colleagues [3] studied firstly in deep the microscopic appearances in the 1943 and explained the likeness of HE to the blood vessels. In the 1967, Fernholz edited one of the first article on “Contribution of History of HE”. Only in the 1988, Enzinger and colleague defined the HE features in intermediate, borderline, or low grade malignancy.

Classification and Clinical presentation: HE was a vascular neoplasm with typical prevalent proliferation of endothelial cells and is was distinguished according to its histological characteristics as [2, 4]:

  • papillary intralymphatic,
  • retiform hemangioendothelioma,
  • kaposiform hemangioendothelioma,
  • epithelioid hemangioendothelioma,
  • pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma
  • and composite hemangioendothelioma

HE was characterised by suggestive histological feature as intracytoplasmic vacuoles, nuclear cytoplasmic inclusion, myxoid stroma, hyaline stroma and chondroid stroma (Figures 1 a and b). The most of patient had expression of vascular markers (CD 31, CD 34, ERG, FL1I) and cytokeratins (CAM 5.2, CK7, CK 18) [5].

Figure 1. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma of the right atrium associated to KAsabach- Merritt syndrome: a) image of the vascular neoplasm with epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) antibodies and b) eosin and hematoxylin view.

HE involved mainly liver, lung, skin, soft tissue, bone and spleen and occurring firstly in infancy and early childhood, in the adult it was very uncommon [2].

Each of the histological types of HE had own typical presentations and patterns, such as association with lymphatic vessel proliferation as well as Kasabach-Merritt syndrome (KMS) [6-9]. KMS included thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and mild consumptive coagulopathy, and developed often in KHE, Kaposiform lymphatic anomaly (KLA) and tufted angioma (TA) [7, 8].

HE would have different grades of aggression like:

  • finite
  • low aggression
  • mild aggression
  • moderate aggression
  • severe aggression, like Kaposiform HE
    • Local to the adjoining structures
    • Metastatic

Singularly, epithelioid HE was defined in two histological grade according to its aggressiveness: classic (low-grade) and malignant (intermediate-grade) [5-55].

The progression of HE was unpredictable: sometimes it grew slowly and sometimes the tumour was more active and spread quickly [2]. The characteristics of the patients, the different clinical and spreading of HE influenced the therapeutic choices: surgical, medical or palliative.

Finally, also the mortality depended to histological type and grade of aggression and clinical correlations.

Methods

We researched english article on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane library, and Medline for identifying relevant english studies, reviews, case series and case reports in the adult with the following keywords: 1) cardiac hemangioendothelioma,

2) primary cardiac hemangioendothelioma, 3) cardiac metastasis in hemangioendothelioma, 4) Cardiac Involvement in Hemangioendothelioma in the adult, and 5) Hemangioendothelioma/ Heart/ Adult. We found 272 articles with those criteria (Figure 2) and we selected and chosen 33 case reports and 7 reviews that satisfied our research criteria (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Description of scientific literature review process: first step we had researched all article in the literature

Results

According to our scientific research, the primary cardiac hemangioendothelioma was 33 reported cases. The patient age range was from 19 to 77 year-old, the average age was 45.1 ± 16.5 year-old (Table 1). The most of patients were female (n=17, 52%, Figure 3). The most common primary cardiac localization was right atrium (n=14, 41%) then the cardiac valve (n=5, 15%), left atrium ( n=4, 12%), right ventricle ( n=3, 9%), coronaric sinus (n=2, 6%), superior vena cava/ right atrium (n=2, 6%), right appendage (n=1, 3%), left ventricle (n=1, 3%), and not defined (n=2, 6%) (Figure 4). The histopathological feature of the HE in the case reported was predominantly ephiteloid (n=21, 66%), kaposiform (n=1, 3%) and defined malignant ( n=3, 9%) and not defined (n=8, 24%) (Figure 4). The clinical presentations of these patients were characterised by incidentally discovered on echocardiogram (n=11, 34.4%), dyspnoea (n=2, 6.3%), chest pain (n=4, 12.5%), alveolar hemorrhage (n=1, 3.1%), cardiac tamponade (n=3, 9.4%), incidentally discovered an heart murmur (n=3, 9.4%), arrhythmia (n=1, 3.1%), cerebrovascular event like stroke (n=1, 3.1%), widened superior mediastinum noticed on a routine chest radiograph (n=1, 3.1%), thromboembolism (n=1, 3.1%), and incidentally discovered by autopsy (n=1, 3.1%) (Figures 5 and 6). The most of patients were CD31 and CD34 positive (30.3%) and CD 99 positive (18.1%). The main therapy were the surgery (n=21, 65.6%). In the case of cardiac metastasis of hemangioendothelioma (seven reported cases in literature), the age of patients were 61.7± 12.7 year-old and they were female (85.7%). The first localization of the tumour was indicated in the Table 2. In all the cases, the patient suffered of heart failure and the most of them were undergone to surgery.

Figure 3

Figure 3. The percentage of cardiac hemangioendothelioma localization in the reported literature cases.

Figure 4

Figure 4. The percentage of cardiac hemangioendothelioma histological type in the reported literature cases.

Figure 5

Figure 5. Type of hemangioendothelioma

Figure 6

Figure 6. The clinical presentation of cardiac hemangioendothelioma in the reported literature cases were absolutely unpredictable in the adult with a major incidence of chest pain or dyspnea but wide variability in the clinical first manifestation due to patient’s health background, histological type of hemangioendothelioma and grade of aggression.

Discussion

The cardiac hemangioendothelioma was predominantly epithelioid type (66% of the cases), with a peculiar tumour site in right atrium (40% of the cases). The most of these patients were female and they had good outcome (follow up positive after 6 months in the 46.9%). In particularly, the patients undergone to aggressive and rapid surgery, were better outcome than delay diagnosis or late surgical procedure [15-45]. As reported by scientific literature, cardiac malignant tumours were rare and uncommon, especially metastatic cardiac involvement [53, 54]. Cardiac hemangioendothelioma were considered an atypical unexpected malignant cardiac tumours with high local aggressiveness and metastasizing potential [30-32, 34, 36-37].

On the other hand, we had researched the reported articled of cardiac metastasis in patient with non cardiac hemangioendothelioma reported in Table 2 [48-52]. Bisesi and colleagues [14], had already firstly documented the possibility of cardiac involvement in multifocal epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in 1996, hence we had studied in deep the scientific literature to look for other cases like this and to understand the clinical presentation and evolution of the cardiac metastasis of a hemangioendothelioma.

In our research, we had found 6 cases of cardiac metastasis of hemangioendothelioma. All of the cases were in female (100%) with a primary HE in liver (50%), one ovarian HE, one bone HE and the last intracranial HE. The most of them showed heart failure and worsening hemodynamic parameters in association with coagulative disorders and hence end–stage of multi-organ failure. The prognosis of them was unfavourable specially in the presence of coagulative disorders.

Conforming in Table 2 and our review of the literature, cardiac metastasis in patients with non-cardiac hemangioendothelioma were out of ordinary and exceptional but remarkable for the prognosis of the patients [14, 48-52].

Table 1. Cases of cardiac hemangioendothelioma in the adult reported in scientific literature. M: male, F: female, ND: non defined, RA: right atrium, MV: mitral valve, LA: left atrium, RV: right ventricle, LV: left ventricle, PV: pulmonary valve, AV: aortic valve, TV: tricuspid valve, CS: coronaric sinus, SCV: superior vena cava, F-up: follow up.

Reference Year Age Sex Site HE Type Presentation Therapy Follow up
1 Blanchard et al15 1952 29 M Right
Appendage
ND Chest pain ND ND
2 Crenshaw et al16 1959 36 F RA ND Chest pain ND ND
3 Allaire et al17 1964 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
4 Hayward et al18 1979 49 F MV Epithelioid Diastolic murmur typical of mitral stenosis Surgical Alive after 4 years
5 Di Biasi et al20 1988 ND M RV Epithelioid Incidentally discovered on echocardiogram Surgical ND
6 Singal et al19 1987 19 F LA Epithelioid Heart murmur, clubbed finger Resection Dead
7 Gegenbach et al21 1991 ND ND LV Epithelioid Incidentally discovered on echocardiogram ND Alive after 4 months
8 Montes Orbe et al 1991 56 F PV Epithelioid Thromboembolism Surgical and
medical
ND
9 Marchiano et al22 1993 71 F RA Epithelioid Palpitation, dizziness, low grade fever Surgical
resection
Alive after surgery
10 Billé-Turc et al23 1993 59 M AV Epithelioid Stroke Surgical Alive (F-up 1
year)
11 Di Biasi et al24 1995 35 M RV Epithelioid Incidentally discovered on echocardiogram Surgical Alive (F-up 1
year)
12 Ichikawa et al25 1997 32 F CS Malignant Incidentally discovered on echocardiogram Surgical Alive
13 Hongquan et al26 1998 42 F RA ND Incidentally discovered on echocardiogram Surgical Alive
14 Yoshida et al27 1999 ND M RA Malignant Cardiac tamponade Surgical Dead
15 Di Biasi et al24 1995 35 M RV ND Dyspnoea
16 Kamiyoshihara M28 2001 32 M ND Malignant ND Surgical
Excision
Dead after 41 months
17 Agaimy et al29 2002 68 M RV/TV Epithelioid Incidentally discovered antopsy ND Dead
18 Kitamura et al30 2005 36 F RA Epithelioid Cardiac tamponade Surgical
resection
Alive (F-up 3
years)
19 Vall Bernal et al31 2005 69 F MV Epithelioid Edema, exertional dyspnea Surgical
resection
Alive (F-up 6
months)
20 Wang et al32 2006 36 F RA ND Dyspnoea ND ND
21 Moulai et al33 2006 53 M CS Epithelioid Incidentally discovered on echocardiogram Heart transplant Alive (F-up 10
years)
22 Lisy et al34 2006 61 M LA Epithelioid Incidentally discovered on echocardiogram Surgical
resection
ND
23 Safirstein et al35 2007 51 F RA Epithelioid Incidentally discovered on echocardiogram Surgical
resection
Alive (F-up 8
years)
24 Zhang et al36 2008 66 F LA Epithelioid Incidentally discovered on echocardiogram Heart transplantation Alive
25 Messias et al37 2008 21 F LA Epithelioid Chest pain Surgical
resection
Alive
26 Kahlout M et al38 2009 44 F RA Epithelioid Cardiac tamponade ND ND
27 Guray et al39 2010 25 M RA ND Heart failure Medical ND
27 Lahon et al40 2012 29 F SVC Epithelioid widened superior mediastinum noticed on a routine chest radiograph Surgical
resection
Alive
28 Sugimoto T et al41 2013 77 F RA Epithelioid Incidentally discovered on echocardiogram ND ND
29 Allain et al42 2014 ND ND SVC/RA Epithelioid ND ND ND
30 Ellouze et al43 2015 53 M RA Epithelioid Incidentally discovered on echocardiogram Surgical
resection
Alive
31 Gaytán-Cortés et al44 2016 23 M RA ND chest pain, intermittent paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea and malaise Surgical
resection
Alive
32 Lappa et al45
(article in press)
2017 36 F RA Kaposiform Alveolar Hemorrhage Surgical and
drug supports
Dead

Table 2. Cases of cardiac metastasis in adult patients with non-cardiac primary hemangioendothelioma, reported in scientific literature. M: male, F: female, ND: non defined, MTs: metastasis; RA: right atrium; HE; hemangioendothelioma; IL: interleuchin; CT: chemotherapy; Pt: patient.

Principal Reported Case of metastatic cardiac hemangioendothelioma
Author Age Pt Gender Primary Tumor Complications Therapy
Myauchi et al (1987)46 ND F Ovarian Hemangiomatosis MTS pericardium and RA Medical
Dubois et al (1987)47 64 F hepato-splenoganglionic hemangioendothelioma MTs at the heart à heart failure Surgical and medical
Hurley et al (1994)48 ND F Intracranial epithelioid HE Seizures, Liver and heart multifocal
locliation
Aggressive surgical treatment
Bhutto et al (1995)49 ND M hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma Heart MTs irradiation, IL-2 injection, and/or
surgery
Bellmunt et al (1999)50 48 F hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma Heart metastasis
Portal hypertension
CT à adriamycin
Ilasi et al (1999)51 ND F HE of the bone Heart failure
MTs in RA
Chemotherapy
Hsu CY (2014)52 73 F hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma Heart failure embolization of the abnormal neoangiogenic vessels

Conclusion

Our literature review would like to be a resume of the cardiac hemangioendothelioma and cardiac involvement in patients with non- cardiac hemangioendothelioma in daily clinical experience. In line with our analysis, the cardiac-HE was vascular aggressive neoplasm with variable histopathological pattern and outcome, principally in female patient and right atrium. Its outcome would be influenced to the early diagnosis and prompt surgical and medical treatments. On the contrary, the cardiac involvement in patients with non-cardiac hemangioendothelioma was weird and life-threatening: only seven cases described and with worsening evolution due to coagulative disorders, heart failure and end-stage multi-organ disease. In case of suspicion of CHE or cardiac involvement of NC-HE were immediately undergone to appropriate diagnostic exams (lab test, echocardiogram, computed tomography, and so on) and rapid surgical and medical therapies in order to avoid the life-threatening evolution of these malignant pathologies.

Acknowledgements: A special thanks go to Dr. Rosalba Grillo and her collaboration in the production of histological images.

Funding: none

Conflicts of interest: All the authors declare non conflict of interest.

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Article Type

Review Article

Publication history

Received: August 27, 2017
Accepted: September 5, 2017
Published: September 12, 2017

Citation

Marzia Cottini, Angela Lappa and Silvia Donfrancesco (2017) Primary Cardiac Hemangioendothelioma in the Adult and Cardiac Involvement in Patient with Non-Cardiac Hemangioendothelioma. Review of the Literature. Cancer Stud Ther J Volume 2(5): 1–6. DOI: 10.31038/CST.2017253

Corresponding author

Marzia Cottini
MD, PhD student,
University La Sapienza Rome Department of Heart and Vessels,
Cardiac Surgery Unit,
“S. Camillo-Forlanini” Hospital,
Circonvallazione Gianicolense 87,
00152, Rome, Italy.
Phone +39658704857,
Fax +39-06-58704511;
Email: marzia.cottini@gmail.com