Abstract

COVID19 is regarded as a lifethreatening infection for most people, but especially certain risk-groups including diabetes, and has therefore caused lock-down of societies which may have deleterious consequences.  Many countries have taken steps to shut down schools, companies and businesses,  and entire countries have been isolated. These drastic measures will have seriousconsequences for economy, psychosocial situation and health. There is a risk that people with other diseases like diabetes do not get ordinary adequate care.

Sweden has as the only country chosen another policy with recommended isolation of the most vulnerable populations, mainly people older than 70 years of age, and volontaryisolation of others who have eg serious lung disease och extreme obesity. Forverybody physical distancing, increased hygiene, at home when symptoms of COVID19, crowds < 50 people etc Otherwise open shops, open restaruants, open schools.

In the care of children and adolscents with Type 1 diabetes has some ordinary visits to the diabetesteam been replaced vby telemedicine. Quality has remained the same as 2018 and 2019  with national mean HbA1c 53.8 mmol/mol ( 95% CI 53-5- 54.1) during  Jan 1- April 28, 2020 and the proportion of patients with HbA1c < 57 mmol/l was  67.3% ( 95% CI  66-68.6%). Type 1 diabetes has not been a risk factor for severe COVID19, and no children with T1D are among those who have needed Intensive Care or who have died.

Keywords

COVID19, public health, economic depression, vulnerable groups, isolation

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is   a major threat. Many countries have taken steps to shut down schools, companies and businesses,  and entire countries have been isolated. These drastic measures will have serious consequences for economy, psychosocial situation and health.

Sweden has as the only country chosen another policy with recommended isolation of the most vulnerable populations, mainly people older than 70 years of age, and volontary isolation of others who have eg serious lung disease och extreme obesity. Otherwise open shops, open restaurants, open nursery and primary schools. In spite of this open policy and a high rate of infected people fatality rate has  remained in the middle range of  European countries.

Diabetes is regarded as one of the risk factors for COVID19 [1-4]. This seems especially true for Type 2 diabetes connected to metabolic syndrome with hypertension, cardio-vasculare disease, and obesity According to Yang et al., among 52 critically ill patients, diabetes was present in 17% of cases [5]. According to Guan et al., among 1099 patients, diabetes was present in 16.2% of cases and hypertension was present in 23.7% of cases [6] and  according to Zhang et al., among 140 hospitalized patients, diabete was present in 12% of cases and hypertension was present in 30% of cases [7]. In children < 18 years of age, COVID19 is usually a mild disease, which very seldom leads to any dangerous clinical manistestation [8]. For children with Type 1 diabetes ( T1D) the large scale lock-down of society might have verynegative impacts. There is a risk that patients who get symptoms of diabetes do not dare to seek care which could lead to more severe clinical manifestation at onset. Another risk of severe lock-down of society is that patients with diabetes do not get ordinary adequate care.

The aim of this study was to get a picture of  the need for care at Intensive Care Unit  in Sweden until now (April 28th 2020), the proportion of patients with diabetes and need for ICU in children and adolescents.  In addition the aim was to investigate how quality of care of children and adolescents with T1D in Sweden has been influenced by the ongoing pandemic.

Material and Methods

Sweden has next to Finland the highest incidence of T1D in children and adolescents in the world [9]. All patient visits are registered in a national data base, SWEDIABKIDS [10] with information about HbA1c, blood lipids etc. In what way the coronavirus epidemic has influenced care is described after regular contacts between diabetesteams at pediatric clinics. All patients needing intensive care are registered in the Swedish Register for Intensive Care, in which also all patients needing ICU because of COVID19 are registered [11].

Results

Some diabetes clinics have continued in the same way as before. Patients have come to the hospital for ordinary visits and met members of the diabetesteams. Other diabetes teams have during the corona epidemic started to use telemedicine as a complement, meaning that patients, and for children their parents, have been contacted via telephone and/or skype, and in addition blood glucose values have been uploaded from glucose sensors and evaluated using Diasend. National HbA1c has remained stable: For children < 18 year of age mean HbA1c for all Sweden was 2018 54.7 mmol/mol (95% confidence interval 54.4-55), for 2019 53.3 ( 53-53.6) and for 2020 ( jan 1- April 28) 53.8 ( 53-5- 54.1). The proportion of patients with HbA1c < 57 mmol/l was  2018 63.4% (  95% confidence interval 62.3-64.5%), 2019 68.3% (67.2-69.4%) and for 2020 ( Jan 1- April 28) 67.3% ( 66-68.6%). Kolesterolvalues are registered between age 10-18 years and proportion < 4.5 was 2018 69% ( 66.7- 71.3), 2019 69.9% ( 67.5-72.3) and 2020 so far 71.6% (684- 74.8). Looking at any other parameter in the quality register shows the same trend: No difference between 2020 so far (April 28th) and the previous two years.

Regarding severity of COVID19  and the result of the Swedish approach in comparison with the lock-down of other European countries it is difficult to draw conclusions as the different countries have different degree proportions of  infected population. Sweden , with its rather open society has already a high proportion of infected people in the general population, with certain areas having passed 25% of the population, while some countries calculate with much lower proportions. Number of deaths in Sweden are shown in Figure 1. Mean age of  death people was 81 years. A large majority (93%) of the death persons belonged to at least one risk group, with chronic cardiovascular disease being the most prevalent, followed by diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and chronic renal failure  (Table 1). Number of patients at Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is shown in Figure 2 which illustrates that the numbers per day is kept rather stable.Fig 3 shows that males dominate and that there are almost no young individuals needing ICU except for rare cases with severe other underlying diseases, not Type 1 diabetes.

Figure 1. Number of covid19-related deaths per day in Sweden

Figure 2. Number of covid19-related deaths per day in Sweden

Figure 3. ICU in different age groups. Blue: Females, Orange: Males.

Discussion

The Corona virus pandemic threathens ordinary health care, Many contries have  become paralysed and there is a risk that treatment of serious diseases like Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents deteriorate, which may take long time to repair. With poor metabolic control we know that there is a increasing risk of vaculsar complications, and HbA1c has to be kept quite low to avoid long-term complications [12-14]. Sweden has a tradition of very active treatment of T1D with low mean HbA1c on a national level compared to many other contries [15]. In spite of this active treatment those who have got the diagnosis Type 1 diabetes in childhood have a much shorter expected length of life than a reference population [16]. Iy is therefore mandatory to try to keep quality of care also during the corona pandemic.

When society is closed because of the this pandemic telemedicine is an alternative to ordinary visits to the diabetes team [17]. This may become a valuable experience which in the future might improve care when used as a complement, but there will also be a risk that both diabetes teams and  patients/parents continue with this type of contacts instead of physical visits as it seems comfortable. Health care authorities may also become positive to this cheaper form av care. However, digital visits have certain advantages, but do not give the same type of contact as a physical meeting. This could lead to less motivation and deteriorating metabolic control .

During the corona pandemic Sweden has, unlike many other countries, not imposed any lockdown, with most measures being voluntary. The Swedish constitution prohibits ministerial rule and mandates that the relevant government body, in this case an expert agency, the Public Health Agency, must initiate all actions to prevent the virus, rendering the state epidemiologist a central figure in the crisis. The government can follow agency recommendations, as it has with legislation limiting freedom of assembly, temporarily banning gatherings of over 50 individuals, banning people from visiting nursing homes, as well as physically closing secondary schools and universities. Primary schools have remained open, in part to avoid healthcare workers staying home with their children.

The Public Health Agency and government have issued recommendations to: if possible, work from home; avoid unnecessary travel within the country; to engage in physical distancing; and for people above 70 to stay at home, as much as possible. Those with even minimal symptoms that could be caused by COVID-19 are recommended to stay home. The ‘karensdag‘ or initial day without paid sick-leave has been removed by the government and the length of time one can stay home with pay without a doctor’s note has been raised from 7 to 21 days.This approach has made it possible to keep the infection rate at such a level that the number of individuals needing intensive care because of COVID19 has remained at a steady state, and all the time there has been a reserve capacity of ca 20% of ICU beds.

Although a large proportion of the patients at ICU has had diabetes, most of them have had T2D, and no children or even young adults with T1D has needed ICU. T1D has not been regarded as a riskgroup in children andadolescents, and as society has been kept open the care and treatment of T1D has remained of good quality. There is so far no sign of deterioration of metabolic control, with HbA1c values which remain low compared to what is reported from other contries [15]. Ordinary visits at hospital has sometimes been replaced by virtual meetings with the use of internet. Thus, treatment of children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes has worked well in spite of some lack of staff in the diabetes teams as some have been ill or stayed at home because of possible COVID19 symptoms, and also because some members of the diabetes teams have been ordered to be part of COVID19 teams.

The result of approach to fight the corona virus pandemic may have to differ between countries. One reason to different approaches in European countries is probably different political culture, where Sweden differs having strong independet expert authorities and a poluation with confidence in these authorities. Other countries may have more need for ”strong” political leaders making their own decisions, not always based on the basis of scientific evidence. The lock-down of societies evidently stop or at least delay the spread of corona virus, but only to some extent. The fatality rate has remained lower in some countries than in Sweden, but also much higher in several other European countries with strict lock-down. This lock-down approach  is not sustainable for an extended period due to its drastic and increasing economic and social consequences. Furthermore, even if successful, universal curfews would have to be implemented over many months or perhaps longer then so. The economic collapse with mass unemployment would have deterious effects on health including increasing mortality also in younger age groups. As an example the much less severe economic turbulence 2009 was calculated to cause the death of 260 000 individuals just by cancer [18] , and the negative effects on health in the developing countries was very large [19]. Another risk is the care of diabetes, as poor metabolic control may lead to long-term serious consequences for a large number of patients, with increased mortaliy many years later. In addition, long lock-down and economic collapse will, over time, destabilize society, not only through tremendous economic losses, but also through the risk of increasing social unrest and the psychological consequences of social isolation [20].

In conclusion, the corona pandemic may have great influence on the the care of Type 1 diabetes, which may have both actual and future effects. Type 1 diabetes is a lifethreatening disease. Too late diagnosis can lead to ketoacidosis and death. Poor metabolic control leads to serious complications and shorter life. The corona virus epidemic tends to paralyse societies and influence health care, which in the long run may ead to more serious effects on morbidity and mortality in young people than the corona virus per se. A more open approach based on isolation of vulnerable groups, mainly the elderly, but otherwise a functioning society is an alternative way to  both manage the pandemic and at the same time keep a high standard of diabetes care.

Acknowledgements

This study has been facilitated by the contacts created by SWEDIABNET ( The Swedish Pediatric Diabetes Trial network) supported by Vinnova and Barndiabetesfonden ( the Swedish Child Diabetes Foundation)

Disclosure

Johnny Ludvigsson has anything to disclose, and no conflict of interest.

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